Unit 1 - Section 1: Sonkeigo Verbs
Honorific Language - Respectful Verb Forms (Sonkeigo)
Honorific language is an essential part of Japanese used to show respect to the listener. Respectful verb forms are primarily used to describe actions of others or third parties.
Special Respectful Verb Forms
Some commonly used verbs have special honorific forms:
| Plain Form | Respectful Form | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| 行く | いらっしゃる | go, come, be | 先生が来週いらっしゃいます |
| 来る | いらっしゃる / おいでになる | 来 | 社長がいらっしゃいました |
| いる | いらっしゃる | 在 | 部長は会議室にいらっしゃいます |
| 言う | おっしゃる | say | 先生がおっしゃった通りです |
| 食べる | 召し上がる | 吃 | お茶を召し上がってください |
| 飲む | 召し上がる | 喝 | コーヒーを召し上がりますか |
| する | なさる | 做 | 何をなさいますか |
| 見る | ご覧になる | see / look | もうご覧になりましたか |
| 知っている | ご存じだ | know | ご存じですか |
General Respectful (Sonkeigo) Patterns
For verbs without special honorific forms, you can use the following patterns:
1. お + Verb Stem (ます-form) + になる
- 読む → お読みになる (read)
- 待つ → お待ちになる (wait)
- 帰る → お帰りになる (go home / return)
2. お + Verb Stem (ます-form) + です
- 読む → お読みです
- 待つ → お待ちです
3. The (ら)れる Form
Some verbs use the (ら)れる form as an honorific:
- 読む → 読まれる
- 来る → 来られる
Practical Example Sentences
社長は明日出張でいらっしゃいます。
[Shachou wa ashita shucchou de irasshaimasu]
Translation: The company president is on a business trip tomorrow.
先生は何とおっしゃいましたか。
[Sensei wa nan to osshaimashita ka]
Translation: What did the teacher say?
お客様、少々お待ちください。
[Okyaku-sama, shoushou omachi kudasai]
Translation: Customers, please wait a moment.
こちらの資料をご覧ください。
[Kochira no shiryou wo goran kudasai]
Translation: Please look at this document.
Key Vocabulary
社長
company president
部長
department manager
出張
business trip
会議室
meeting room
客様
customer / guest (honorific)
少々
a little; a moment
資料
document / materials
通り
just as; in accordance with
Important Considerations
Key Points for Using Respectful Language:
- Respectful forms describe actions of others or superiors, never your own actions
- The word いらっしゃる can mean "go," "come," or "be" depending on context
- The polite form of なさる is 「なさいます」, not 「なされます」
- Appropriate honorific language is essential in business situations
- Use respectful forms when speaking with clients, superiors, and elders
Practice Recommendations
- First memorize the most common special honorific verbs
- Practice converting plain sentences to respectful forms
- Consider the context and determine when honorific language is appropriate
- Listen to Japanese dramas and news programs to hear honorific usage
Course Navigation
Study Tips
- Read each example carefully
- Practice pronunciation aloud
- Create your own sentences to reinforce memory
- Finish the section quiz